#DiversifyAgentCarter A Tweet Roundup

#DiversifyAgentCarter A Tweet Roundup Anyone whos regularly on social media, and Twitter specifically, knows that it can be an ugly place. Trolls, hate speech, and getting into arguments with people you dont even know and will never meet can suck the joy out of Twitter. But sometimes the community can come together and create something awesome, and that happened last week. With the VERY WELCOME news that  Agent Carter had received a season 2 pickup, Mikki Kendall (who has a kick-ass essay in the back of  Bitch Planet  #4, if you havent read it yet) sent out a simple tweet calling for more diversity in the show. Someone should create a #DiversifyAgentCarter tag fill it with facts about the 40s in New York so the writers have no excuse. Mikki Kendall (@Karnythia) May 8, 2015 And oh boy, did Twitter respond. In the best way possible. These are just a few of the amazing tweets that came from the hashtag #DiversifyAgentCarter. Check out the full list of tweets, if you have a sec! 1940s superspy Senorita Rio, the first Latina lead character in US comics. #DiversifyAgentCarter pic.twitter.com/xsQQX5lb1G Saladin Ahmed (@saladinahmed) May 9, 2015 #DiversifyAgentCarter because privileged white guys like me blindly assume the 40s were all white because of how media always portrays it Brett White (@brettwhite) May 8, 2015 #DiversifyAgentCarter because bad-ass Native American women, like Minnie Spotted Wolf, served during WWII too pic.twitter.com/dZzMuqKFqT ?clara mae? (@ubeempress) May 8, 2015 #DiversifyAgentCarter because black people other POC existed outside of Harlem outside of service roles: http://t.co/mjzt7FCOlu K Tempest Bradford (@tinytempest) May 8, 2015 Agent Carter at its core is about awesome people being overlooked. So a black agent (black female, even) fits. #DiversifyAgentCarter Justin (@GigawattConduit) May 8, 2015 A Woman and Her Dog in Harlem New York, 1943. #DiversifyAgentCarter pic.twitter.com/tBbIYZrkra Red Wedge Magazine (@RedWedgeMag) May 8, 2015 Help #DiversifyAgentCarter by pointing out that the first Black FBI agent James Wormley Jones was appointed in 1919 http://t.co/XMdcj50jjd Mikki Kendall (@Karnythia) May 8, 2015 #DiversifyAgentCarter because the lengths people will go to to whitewash and justify whitewashing a fictional universe are considerable. Alina (@LJmysticowl) May 11, 2015 Carmen Contreras-Bozak was the 1st Latina to serve in WAAC in the first unit to go overseas #DiversifyAgentCarter pic.twitter.com/vbOcnSnh39 Cielo (@ohsweetgoodness) May 11, 2015 #DiversifyAgentCarter People only treat minorities like a recent invention because period pieces often act like they are. Buck that trend! Jon Erik Christian?? (@HonestlyJon) May 8, 2015 ____________________ Follow us on Twitter for more comics goodness! Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Communication and Leadership in Health Care Essay

Introduction This paper employs multiple research techniques and sources to give a holistic analyst of the partnerships developed with people from different division of a healthcare organization. I identify problems from my personal experience as an Ophthalmic Technician and System Analyst for the Department of Ophthalmology at The Ohio State University Medical Center. The Literature Review, Analysis, and Solutions sections are based on research and without personal reflection. This paper addresses two questions. First, has Personal Health Records (PHR) made communication simpler and safer for the healthcare industry? Second, how to improve communication between Information Technology services and Healthcare providers? These two†¦show more content†¦This gratification in my career helped me realized the importance of integrating clinical and technology knowledge and to seek education at the Master’s level to improve my ability to assist in the use of technolog ical tools to improve service to our patients, our physicians, and our staff. The Ohio State University Medical Center identifiable issues with regards to the development, integration, and use of PHR is the lack of communication and understanding between healthcare providers, information technology services, and patients. Effective communication requires the utilization of collaboration and leadership to create an organization that uses innovated technology to provide the highest level of patient care. Problem Statement Personal Health Records have improved patient care, but as an organization the Ohio State University Medical Center is not embracing change and working together to utilize technology. The problem is poor communication and leadership, due to poor understanding of the clinicians need. Information technology services update the PHR program without first understanding what improvements clinicians need and secondly, end-users are not being educated on the updates; th erefore, are not utilizing new features or the features do not meet the needs of clinicians. Figure 1 illustrates the current flow of information between healthcare providers and information technology services. Figure 1: Current Communication pathway TheShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Clinical Nursing960 Words   |  4 Pagesconsuming and overwhelming, if bad habit is practiced could negatively affect patients outcome (Clinical Nursing Handover2013). In the health care setting nursing handover is challenge situation if not used an effective communication. The nursing handover and an individualized and systemic approach. 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What Everybody Is Saying About Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 Is Wrong and Why

What Everybody Is Saying About Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 Is Wrong and Why Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 Explained Before you commence working on the paper, you must go through several topics to compose a persuasive essay on. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Do not merely paraphrase the thesis that you've stated in your introduction. A thesis is a controversial and intriguing idea which is going to be proven by the author's major arguments. New Ideas Into Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 Never Before Revealed You are able to restate your argument, which is a rather common practice amongst essayists. At length, now that you're prepared to work on your paper, we wish to remind you of the significance of suitable essay structure. It is crucial to opt for a great topic so as to compose a terrific paper. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. Following that, you will select the one that you're most passionate about. You may start looking for assorted family topics to compose your argumentative essay on in the event you find it tough to deal with some family responsibilities. In the event you've wrapped up your principal argument, but you lack the idea about what's next, you own a reason to discover online academic writing service. The very best thing about an argumentative essay which contains social issues is that you could describe your private experience on the case of the real-life case. One of the greatest strategies to convince anybody's mind is by way of an emotional connection. Even in the event you seek for assistance from a specialist, make sure they speak about something which will sound better while presenting your argument. The Debate Over Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 When you are finished with your essay, you must not just check it for spelling and grammatical errors, but nevertheless, it als o has to be checked for logical fallacies. There is an assortment of patterns that writers can use whenever writing an argumentative essay even though there isn't any particular model of organization. The dearth of very good support sources are going to result in a decrease grade. You may use different examples that can be found on the net at no cost. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is crucial for your general success. To come across argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you want to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Pick the one which you liek to compose an ideal expository essay! If you're thinking about how to compose a persuasive essay, you must know that writing an essay is a complicated course of action. You have to have skills to compose a fantastic essay. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. You don't wish to lose grades as a result of incorrect essay format. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Best Argumentative Essay Topics 2018 Persuasive essays are a really good means to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to somebody else. Now, you've got tons of topics to pick from and lay down your thoughts on paper. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Sure, you've got to use the outside sources to back up your s tandpoint. So be certain that you select a subject, which has values in it. Utilize your present understanding, the information that you have heard before, and clarify your perspective. You can be certain your point of view is right until you satisfy an individual that thinks that you're completely erroneous. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. By taking a look at examples, you can find a very clear picture of what things to expect, and be in a position to be successful in writing a fantastic college essay outline. If you've got to compose your whole essay in 1 day, do your very best to give yourself breaks so you don't burn out. There are several steps which you should take as a way to write an exemplary essay. 1 important and appropriate subject is technology. Technology is ever-present in our everyday lives. Therefore, if you prefer to have nontrivial expository essay t opic that demands thorough research, choose something which refers to a technological region of study. It's possible to select an intriguing topic from any area of science. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. So without further ado, here are a few effective writing tips to produce your common app essay stick out! It is difficult to locate a fantastic website with free examples of argumentative papers and affordable customized essays. You may observe examples of the argumentative essay outline on the website or look the up on the internet. Don't forget that you're NOT writing your opinion on the subject. If you're in a college and need to compose an argumentative essay, you should pick a subject of high importance. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will enable you to select your own. The key to decide on a great topic for an argumentative essay is to select a subject where there's a lot of d ebates on topics or stances. If you get to select your own topic, that's good. You can also select an emotional topic. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. You will probably locate a different and fantastic topic you will love to write about. Argumentative essay ideas can be associated with the moral facets of human life. The primary goal of writing an argumentative essay is to understand how to convince folks to modify their perception of things they strongly believe in. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no legitimate means to provide a free college education as colleges would still must be funded (likely through tax dollars).

Utilitarianism †Act and Rule Free Essays

Explain the differences between Act and Rule Utilitarianism Since it began, there have been two main exponents of Utilitarianism. They are Jeremy Bentham and J S Mill, and both of them base their own individual theories on the principle of utility, which defines something (an act, etc) dependent on if it achieves â€Å"the greatest happiness for the greatest number†. This makes Utilitarianism a relativistic and consequentialist argument, as it takes into account only the outcome of events rather than the act itself as means to determine whether it is good/right. We will write a custom essay sample on Utilitarianism – Act and Rule or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also it holds no absolutes – it takes the best interests of the greatest number of people no matter if the way of doing seems morally wrong. Bentham and Mill were both generally harmonious in their understanding that the general happiness of a human being is linked to their personal fulfillment of pleasure. Nevertheless, the two clashed when it came down to the understanding of what true pleasure is, and whether it holds different values under different circumstances. It was due to this that Bentham started Act Utilitarianism. Bentham thought that situations were to be treated completely differently to any and every other situation, and developed the Hedonistic Calculus as a means of measuring the pleasure and pain of those directly involved in it. The calculus consists of seven aspects which Bentham believed could answer to whether something is pleasurable/painful or not – they are Purity, Remoteness, Richness, Intensity, Certainty, Extend and Duration. It is possible for me to use an example to make this all seem clearer. There are five sadistic guards in a prison who don’t like the new inmate and want to give him a roughing up. One can argue that the pain the inmate will suffer is huge (purity) but the calculus is focused on quantity rather than quality. Also, the happiness of the guards will be fulfilled due to their sadistic means of pleasurement (certainty) however, the guards might get caught and sacked which in turn makes them sad in the end, but perhaps they don’t then the pleasure of the guards outweighs the pain that the inmate faces and therefore under these guidelines I think that Bentham would say â€Å"yeah, go ahead† and allow the bullying and assault to happen. Bentham’s democratic and egalitarianistic approach meant that he believed nobody’s pleasures are greater than anyone elses, and that they are all equal so we can’t say that they count for more. This meant that Bentham was purely focused on the quantitative side of the pleasure. It was here where Mill and Bentham came to a disagreement, as Mill however focused on the qualitative aspects of the pleasure, famously saying â€Å"it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied†. This meant understanding that there are differences that must be acknowledged between higher and lower pleasures. He thought that higher pleasures consisted of the intellectual aspects of humans rather than the animalistic, such as reading to further your knowledge, listening to fine music and painting art. The aforementioned animalistic pleasures (lower) derive from the physical side of life, such as eating, drinking and indulging in sexual acts. This approach can be seen as elitist by some, which means that full excellence can only be realised by the mature males of the upper class within society – natural amongst the Ancient Greek Philosophers that preceeded Bentham and Mill, such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. As advocator to Rule Utilitarianism, Mill’s calculation method again differentiates from Bentham’s hedonistic calculus. Rather than Bentham’s quantitative approach, Mill looks at it in an alternative way, observing the various implications of the act. Mill’s interpretation is that there are general rules within society that should be followed as they create the greatest happiness for the greatest good for all those in society. This at first does seem very logical, but then again it begins to defy the basis on which Utilitarianism’s foundations are layed down, which is a relativist and consequentialist theory. And this is where strong and weak rules comes into the frame. Mill never onces says â€Å"must† as regards to the rules he would involve as he perceives his judgment upon whether something is good or bad or what should occur within a specific situation, which can be seen as his defence to remaining relativist, however a new term must be enforced to separate his understanding with the likes of a hedonist such as Bentham, hence the term â€Å"universalisability†. How to cite Utilitarianism – Act and Rule, Papers

The Welfare System

Introduction A welfare system is an established program aimed at assisting the needy people as well as their families meet their basic needs. A welfare system is a term used to indicate government programs created in order to offer support to the needy citizens. Various types of welfare programs that have been created for this purpose include social security, financial aid, corporate welfare, and welfare provisions (Powell Hendricks 24).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Welfare System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government provides assistance to the people through various programs such as housing assistance, unemployment compensation, health care, child care assistance, and food stamps. In the United States, the federal government offers grants to every state through a program referred to as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (O’Connor 14). The welfare system is usually aimed at provi ding a base level of income to people who are disabled, elderly, retired, or unemployed. It should be noted that the welfare system deals with an absolutely large number of people and, therefore, total commitment of the government is required. The government, according to O’Connor, has a social responsibility and a moral obligation to ensure that all activities carried out by various welfare organizations come to a successful completion (24). Even though the work of the welfare system is beneficial, these programs together with the involvement of the government have in the recent past faced criticism from opponents who argue that the main intentions of these programs are totally different from what the public is made to believe. This article is going to look at some of the pros and cons of the welfare system and argue them out in order to develop a middle ground. The pros and cons of the welfare system It is important to note that welfare systems are beneficial for a modern s ociety. Despite the fact that members of modern communities are very productive, they are usually faced by a wide range of problems that may negatively impact on their normal lives. Welfare systems have been shown to come in handy and support individual members deal with these problems. Even though welfare programs do not offer a life that is 100% free from challenges, it acts as a means through which vulnerable members of society can be cushioned from the possible adverse effects of poor health, unemployment, lack of housing, and poor education (Powell Hendricks 29). Opponents of this initiative argue that these programs are usually developed with the intent of promoting certain businesses for certain people. Welfare programs are also described as indirect support of the government to various business entities. Opponents argue that the government should not interfere with the free market as this may lead to the collapse of certain businesses.Advertising Looking for essay on g overnment? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They also point out that these programs do not offer lasting solutions to most of the problems that people may be facing. It has been argued that rather than the government providing unemployment compensation to millions of people, it should come up with a strategy to ensure that all people are incorporated either in the formal or in the informal employment sectors (Hill 44). It is important to note that welfare programs are meant to assist people who may be going through difficult situations to get back on their feet. However, some people may use these programs as a way of escaping their responsibilities. Some people may neglect their duties and solely rely on welfare programs for help. These are the people who develop the mentality that there is no need for them to work for minimum wage when they can get a similar amount of money for actually doing nothing (O’Connor 34). It has be en revealed that some people have been living in social houses for decades without signs of vacating. Despite the fact that these people may have attained financial stability, most of them are not willing to vacate those buildings to help other needy citizens. This cycle continues as children grow up thinking that this is the only kind of life there is. Welfare programs are beneficial to single parents who may have a child yet they do not have the means to rear that child. Single mothers, for instance, benefit greatly from these programs since they are provided with food, finances and shelter. It is unfortunate that a large number of people abuse these programs by simply having many children; an aspect that guarantees them continued financial assistance from welfare programs (Sather 39). It has been argued out that the financial assistance single mothers obtain from welfare programs is not enough to cater for their families. Opponents assert that beneficiaries cannot manage to purch ase all household requirements from the checks they receive from welfare. As a result, they conclude that welfare cannot offer the much needed support at the time of need. It is, however, important to note that even though welfare programs do not offer a 100% financial support to beneficiaries, it is one of the best ways through which the needy citizens can be assisted to meet their basic needs. Welfare programs, as stated by Sather, play a significant role in ensuring that social disparities and health problems do not advance to critical stages (57). They help people maintain a living standard that is almost similar to that of financially stable people. For instance, despite low income and unemployment, people are able to maintain their homes; thereby eliminating cases of homelessness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Welfare System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also important to note that welfare p rograms have played a significant role in the health sector. The establishment of Medicare and Medicaid are referred to by many as God sent initiatives that have helped millions of financially unstable US citizens. These programs offer low-cost health care to people from poor backgrounds, and as a result the general wellbeing of society is maintained (Kildar and Kuhnle 70). Opponents argue that welfare programs do not offer a lasting solution to major problems in the lives of the people and may create unnecessary dependence. It has been argued that instead of providing financial assistance to the unemployed, they should be provided with basic skills necessary for them to earn a living (Sather 61). It has also been pointed out that continued assistance from welfare may lead to deterioration of a person’s basic skills and comprehension of proper workplace behavior. Economists also assert that welfare programs are a huge financial burden to the local government. Regardless of th e funding from the federal government, states still bear the financial burden of supporting the welfare programs. Opponents argue that rather than assisting people who are to a certain extent unproductive, the millions of dollars allocated to welfare programs should be channeled to other productive sectors. These programs are largely viewed as potential channels for fraudulent activities. Kildar and Kuhnle make it clear that people may supply false information with intent of receiving financial benefits from welfare (71). Cases have been recorded whereby welfare beneficiaries find additional sources of income, but fail to notify welfare authorities for fear of losing financial support. Reports have also been made of people who earn thousands of dollars yearly yet they provide false information in order to benefit from Medicaid (Hill 71). Nonetheless, the welfare system cannot be condemned basically on the activities of a few people who are driven by misguided principles. Welfare has assisted a large number of children who have done absolutely nothing to impact on their family’s financial status. It should be noted that in addition to all children having the right to access basic needs, they should not be punished for their parent’s actions. Welfare has, to a certain extent, contributed to crime reduction. Even though this claim is hard to prove, the fact that welfare provides financial support for basic upkeep helps ensure that people who are financially unstable do not engage in criminal activities. Welfare system is established on the perception that those in need will rise and get back on track.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Welfare has been termed as an insignificant temporary assistance that cannot solve the people’s problems, but nevertheless it provides those in need with a means to exist, in addition to encouraging them to look for employment in order to have a stable life. Conclusion It can, therefore, be concluded that even though the welfare system has in the recent times faced criticism from opponents, the work carried out by these programs is undoubtedly beneficial. Welfare has been termed as an insignificant temporary assistance that cannot solve the people’s problems, but nevertheless it provides those in need with a means to exist in addition to encouraging them to look for employment in order to have a stable life. Welfare programs play a significant role in ensuring that social disparities and health problems do not advance to critical stages. Works Cited Hill, Michael. Social Policy in the Modern World: A Comparative Text. Mahwah, NJ: John Wiley Sons, 2006. Print. Hill, in his work, provides a coherent and concise test that offers a thematic account of social policies, particularly the welfare system. Kildar, Nanna and Kuhnle, Stein. Normative Foundations of the Welfare State: The Nordic Experience. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge, 2005. Print. Through qualitative analysis of various sources, Kildar and Kuhnle try to evaluate the economic benefits, as well as disadvantages of welfare system. O’Connor, Brendon. A Political History of the American Welfare System: When Ideas Have Consequences. New York, NY: Rowman Littlefield, 2004. Print. O’Connor, through historical analysis and policy critique techniques, looks deeply into the principles of welfare programs in order to determine the benefits and disadvantages these programs have presented to the US citizens. Powell, Jason and Hendricks Jon. The Welfare State in Post-Industrial Society: A Global Perspective. New York, NY: Springer, 2009. Print. Powell and Hendricks, through policy critique and data analysis, critically evaluate the effects of welfare programs on the modern society. They base their argument on the fact that the lives of many people have been transformed through welfare programs. Sather, Trevor. Pros and Cons: A Debater’s Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Routledge, 1999. Print. In this book, Sather looks extensively into the issues surrounding welfare programs in order to come up with a logical argument. The author critically looks at both sides in order to eliminate possible bias. This essay on The Welfare System was written and submitted by user Bryant B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

7 Common Spanish Pronunciation Mistakes

7 Common Spanish Pronunciation Mistakes Few things are more frustrating for someone learning a foreign language than to not be understood by a native speaker. If you want to make a good impression when speaking Spanish, here are seven common pronunciation mistakes English speakers make that you can avoid. You can learn to avoid these common errors, and your Spanish-speaking friends  will know that at least youre making an effort. Turning the R Into Mush Lets get the most difficult letter for English speakers out of the way first! Heres the basic rule: Never pronounce the Spanish r as if it were English. Think of it as a different letter of the alphabet that just happens to be written the same as the English one. Spanish has two r sounds. The simple r sound, which youll hear more often, is close to the dd sound in paddle or the tt in little. So the common word mero (mere) sounds much like meadow, not marrow. That wasnt hard, was it? The other r sound, often called the rr sound because rr was once considered a separate letter of the alphabet, is used for rr and when r appears at the beginning of a sentence or a word by itself. The rr sound is a brief trill and does take some effort to master. You might think of it as the front of your tongue flapping against the roof of the mouth in a strong breeze, or perhaps the sounds of a cat purring or a motorboat revving. Once you figure it out, it can be a fun sound to make. Turning the U Into a Different Vowel The u sound is never like the u in fuse, but, or push. When it doesnt come in combination with another vowel, its like the oo sound in moo, which appropriately is spelled mu in Spanish. So uno (one) sounds something like OO-noh and uniforme (uniform) sounds something like oo-nee-FOR-meh. Like the other Spanish vowels, u has a pure and distinct sound. When the u comes before another vowel, the u glides into the following vowel and ends up sounding something like the English w. Thus cuenta (account) sounds something like KWEN-tah, and cuota sounds fairly close to the cognate quota. And that brings up another point: After the q, the u is silent unless a dieresis is added to make it à ¼. Thus quince (the number 15) sounds like KEEN-seh. But with the dieresis, the u carries the w sound. Thus pingà ¼ino (penguin) is pronounced something like peeng-GWEEN-oh. Giving the G and J Their Sound in ‘Judge’ In English, the g generally has the j sound when g is followed by e or i. The same pattern is true in Spanish, but the j sound also used in the ge and gi combinations is much different. English speakers usually approximate it with the English h sound, although native Spanish speakers in most regions often give it a harsher, more guttural sound. Youll be perfectly understandable if you pronounce gente as HEN-teh and jugo (juice) as HOO-goh. Buzzing the Z The z of Spanish isnt pronounced with the z sound of words such as buzz and zoo. In Latin America, it generally sounds like the English s, while in most of Spain its like the th in thin. So if youre headed to the zoo, think soh in Latin America and thoh in Spain. Pronouncing the B and V as Different Letters Once upon a time, Spanish had distinct sounds for the B and V. But no more - they sound exactly the same and thus often pose a spelling challenge for native speakers. The sound is something like a buzzing sound with the two lips when b or v comes between two vowels and something like a soft English b at other times. You may look at words such as tubo (tube) and tuvo (a form of tener) and think of them as sounding different, but in fact they sound alike. Sounding Out the H How do you pronounce the h? In a word, dont. Except in a very few words of foreign origin such as hmster and hockey, the h is silent. Failing To Keep the L Distinct Listen carefully, and you may notice that the first l of little has a different sound than the second l. The first is formed with the tongue against the roof of the palate, while the second one isnt. The key rule in pronouncing the Spanish l is that it has sound of the first l in little. Thus the l has the same sound in mal as it does in malo and mala (all of them meaning bad). In other words, mal does not sound like mall. The doubled l or ll used to be considered a separate letter of the alphabet. Although its pronunciation varies with region, you wont go wrong to give it the sound of the y in yet. Thus calle (street) sounds similar to KAH-yeh. Key Takeaways When pronouncing Spanish words, remember that the pronunciation rules of English dont always apply.Among the letters that Spanish pronounces much differently than English does are g (sometimes), h, l (sometimes), r, u (usually), v, and z.The repeated letter pairs ll and rr have pronunciations that are distinct from the same letter appearing individually.

Causes of the Russian Revolution

Causes of the Russian Revolution Russia in the late 19th and early 20th century was a massive empire, stretching from Poland to the Pacific. In 1914, the country was home to approximately 165 million people representing a diverse range of languages, religions, and cultures. Ruling such a massive state was no easy task, especially as the long-term problems within Russia eroded the Romanov monarchy. In 1917, this decay finally produced a revolution, sweeping the old system away. While the turning point for the revolution is widely accepted as World War I, but the revolution was not an inevitable byproduct of war and there are long-term causes that are equally important to recognize. Peasant Poverty In 1916, a full three-quarters of the Russian population was comprised of peasants who lived and farmed in small villages. In theory, their life had improved in 1861, before which they were serfs who were owned and could be traded by their landowners. 1861 saw the serfs freed and issued with small amounts of land, but in return, they had to pay back a sum to the government, and the result was a mass of small farms deeply in debt. The state of agriculture in central Russia was poor. Standard farming techniques were deeply out of date and there was little hope for real progress thanks to widespread illiteracy and lack of capital.  Families lived just above the subsistence level, and around 50 percent had a member who had left the village to find other work, often in the towns. As the central Russian population boomed, land became scarce. This way of life contrasted sharply with those of rich landowners, who held 20 percent  of the land in large estates and were often members of the Russian upper class. The western and southern reaches of the massive Russian Empire were slightly different, with a larger number of reasonably well-off peasants and large commercial farms. The result was, by 1917, a mass of disaffected peasants, angry at increased attempts to control them by the people who profited from the land without directly working it. The vast majority of peasants were firmly against developments outside the village and desired autonomy.Although the vast majority of the Russia population was made up of rural peasants and urban ex-peasants, the upper and middle classes knew little of real peasant life. But they were familiar with the myths: of down to earth, angelic, pure communal life. Legally, culturally, socially, the peasants in over half a million settlements were organized by centuries of community rule. The mirs, self-governing communities of peasants, were separate from elites and the middle class. But this was not a joyous, lawful commune; it was a desperate struggling sy stem fuelled by the human weaknesses of rivalry, violence, and theft, and everywhere was run by elder patriarchs. Within the peasantry, a break was emerging between the elders and the growing population of young, literate peasants in a deeply-ingrained culture of violence.  Prime Minister Pyor Stolypin’s land reforms of the years before 1917 attacked the peasant concept of family ownership, a highly-respected custom reinforced by centuries of folk tradition.  In central Russia, the peasant population was rising and the land was running out, so all eyes were on the elites who were forcing the debt-ridden peasants to sell land for commercial use. Ever more peasants traveled to the cities in search of work. There, they urbanized and adopted a new, more cosmopolitan worldview- one that often looked down on the peasant lifestyle they left behind. Cities were highly overcrowded, unplanned, poorly paid, dangerous and unregulated. Upset with class, at odds with their bosses and elites, a new urban culture was forming.   When the free labor of the serfs disappeared, the old elites were forced to adapt to a capitalist, industrialized farming landscape. As a result, the panicked elite class was forced to sell off their land and, in turn, declined. Some, like Prince G. Lvov (the first democratic Prime Minister of Russia) found ways to continue their farm businesses. Lvov became a zemstvo  (local community) leader, building roads, hospitals, schools and other community resources. Alexander III feared the zemstvos, calling them overly-liberal. The government agreed and created new laws that attempted to reel them in. Land captains would be sent out to enforce Tsarist rule and counter the liberals. This and other counter-reforms ran right into the reformers and set the tone for a struggle that the Tsar would not necessarily win. A Growing and Politicized Urban Workforce The industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the 1890s, with ironworks, factories and the associated elements of industrial society. While the development was neither as advanced nor as swift as in a country like Britain, Russia’s cities began to expand and large numbers of peasants moved to the cities to take up new jobs. By the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth centuries, these tightly packed and expanding urban areas were experiencing problems like poor and cramped housing, unfair wages, and dwindling rights for workers. The government was afraid of the developing urban class but more afraid of driving foreign investment away by supporting better wages, and there was a consequent lack of legislation on behalf of the workers.  These workers swiftly began to grow more politically-engaged and chaffed against government restrictions on their protests. This created a fertile ground for the socialist revolutionaries who moved between cities and exile in Siberia. In ord er to try and counter the spread of anti-Tsarist ideology, the government formed legal but neutered trade unions to take the place of the banned but powerful equivalents. In 1905, and 1917, heavily politicized socialist workers played a major role, although there were many different factions and beliefs under the umbrella of ‘socialism’. Tsarist Autocracy, A Lack of Representation and a Bad Tsar Russia was ruled by an emperor called the Tsar, and for three centuries this position had been held by the Romanov family. 1913 saw the 300-year celebrations in a vast festival of pomp, pageantry, social class and expense. Few people had an idea the end of Romanov rule was so close, but the festival was designed to enforce a view of the Romanovs as personal rulers. All it fooled were the Romanovs themselves. They ruled alone, with no true representative bodies: even the Duma, an elected body created in 1905, could be completely ignored by the Tsar when he wished to, and he did. Freedom of expression was limited, with censorship of books and newspapers, while a secret police operated to crush dissent, frequently either executing people or sending them to exile in Siberia.The result was an autocratic regime under which republicans, democrats, revolutionaries, socialists and others were all increasingly desperate for reform, yet impossibly fragmented. Some wanted violent change, others peaceful, but as opposition to the Tsar was banned, opponents were increasingly driven to more radical measures. There was a strong reforming – essentially westernizing – movement in Russia during the mid-nineteenth century under Alexander II, with elites split between reform and entrenchment. A constitution was being written when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. His son, and his son in turn (Nicholas II), reacted against the reform, not only halting it but starting a counter-reform of centralized, autocratic government.The Tsar in 1917 - Nicholas II - has sometimes been accused of lacking the will to govern. Some historians have concluded that this wasn’t the case; the problem was that Nicholas was determined to govern while lacking any idea or ability to run an autocracy properly. That Nicholas’ answer to the crises facing the Russian regime – and the answer of his father - was to look back to the seventeenth century and try to resurrect an almost late-medieval system, instead of reforming and modernizing Russia, was a major problem and source of disc ontent which directly led to the revolution. Tsar Nicholas II held to three tenants drawn on earlier Tsars: The tsar was the owner of all of Russia, a fiefdom with him as lord, and all trickled down from him.The Tsar ruled what God had given, unrestrained, checked by no earthly power.The people of Russia loved their Tsar as a tough father. If this was out of step with the west and emerging democracy, it was out of step with Russia itself. Many Russians objected to these tenets, embracing western ideals as an alternative to the tradition of tsarism. Meanwhile, the tsars ignored this growing sea change, reacting  Alexander II’s assassination not by reforming but by retreating to medieval foundations. But this was Russia, and there wasn’t even one kind of autocracy. ‘Petrine’ autocracy derived from Peter the Great’s western vision, organized royal power through laws, bureaucracy, and systems of government. Alexander III, heir of the murdered reformer Alexander II, tried to react, and sent it all back to Tsar centric, personalized ‘Muscovite’ autocracy. Petrine bureaucracy in the nineteenth century had become interested in reforming, connected to the people, and the people wanted a constitution. Alexander IIIs son Nicholas II was also Muscovite and tried to turn things back to the seventeenth century to a greater extent. Even dress code was considered. Added to this was the idea of the good tsar: it was the boyars, the aristocrats, the other landowners who were bad, and it was the tsar who protected you, rather than being an evil dictator. Russia was running out of people who believed it.Nicholas was not interested in politics, was poorly edu cated in the nature of Russia, and not trusted by his father. He was not a natural ruler of an autocracy. When Alexander III died in 1894, the disinterested and somewhat clueless Nicholas took over. Shortly after, when the stampede of a huge crowd, lured by free food and rumors of low stocks, resulted in mass death, the new Tsar kept partying. This did not win him any support from the citizenry. On top of this, Nicholas was selfish and unwilling to share his political power. Even able men who wished to change the future of Russian, like Stolypin, faced in the Tsar a man who resented them. Nicholas wouldn’t disagree to people’s faces, would take decisions based weakly, and would only see ministers singly so as not to be overwhelmed. Russian government lacked the ability and effectiveness it needed because the tsar wouldn’t delegate, or supportable officials. Russia had a vacuum that would not react to a changing, revolutionary world.The Tsarina, bought up in Britain, disliked by elites and felt to be a stronger person than Nicholas also came to believe in the medieval way to rule: Russia was not like the UK, and she and her husband did not need to be liked. She had a strength to push Nicholas around, but when she gave birth to a hemophiliac son and heir she drifted harder into church and mysticism looking for a cure that she thought she found in the con man mystic, Rasputin. Relationships between the Tsarina and Rasputin eroded the support of the army and aristocracy.